Resumen C: Avances en enfermedades neurodegenerativas

1.    Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad. Estrategia en enfermedades neurodegenerativas del Sistema Nacional de Salud.
https://www.sanidad.gob.es/organizacion/sns/planCalidadSNS/pdf/Est_Neurodegenerativas_APROBADA_C_INTERTERRITORIAL.pdf (2016).
2.    Nichols, E. et al. Estimation of the global prevalence of dementia in 2019 and forecasted prevalence in 2050: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet Public Health 7, e105–e125 (2022)
www.doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00249-8.
3.    Bloem, B. R., Okun, M. S. & Klein, C. Parkinson’s disease. The Lancet 397, 2284–2303 (2021)
www.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00218-X.
4.    Dorsey, E. R. et al. Projected number of people with Parkinson disease in the most populous nations, 2005 through 2030. Neurology 68, 384–386 (2007)
www.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000247740.47667.03.
5.    Gowland, A. et al. Predicting the future of ALS: the impact of demographic change and potential new treatments on the prevalence of ALS in the United Kingdom, 2020–2116. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis & Frontotemporal Degeneration 20, 264–274 (2019)
www.doi.org/10.1080/21678421.2019.1587629.
6.    Joint Research Centre (European Commission). Advanced non-animal models in biomedical research. Neurodegenerative diseases.
https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC124723 (2021).
7.    Cicardi, M. E., Marrone, L., Azzouz, M. & Trotti, D. Proteostatic imbalance and protein spreading in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The EMBO Journal 40, e106389 (2021)
www.doi.org/10.15252/embj.2020106389.
8.    AECC Observatorio. Oncobarómetro. Datos de 2020.
https://observatorio.contraelcancer.es/informes/oncobarometro#percepcion (2021).
9.    Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Defunciones según la causa de muerte. Año 2022 (datos provisionales).
www.doi.org//www.ine.es/prensa/edcm_2022.pdf (2023).
10.    Ministerio de Sanidad, Consumo y Bienestar Social. Plan integral de Alzheimer y otras demencias. 2019-2023.
https://www.sanidad.gob.es/profesionales/saludPublica/docs/Plan_Integral_Alhzeimer_Octubre_2019.pdf (2019).
11.    ELA y otros trastornos neuromusculares | CIBERNED.
https://www.ciberned.es/programas-de-investigacion/ela-y-otros-trastornos-neuromusculares [14/09/2023].
12.    Garcés, M., Crespo Puras, C., Finkel, L. & Arroyo Menéndez, M. Estudio sobre las enfermedades neurodegenerativas en España y su impacto económico y social. Universidad Complutense y Neuroalianza. (2016).
13.    Roberts, T. C., Wood, M. J. A. & Davies, K. E. Therapeutic approaches for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Nature
https://www.parkinson.org/espanol/entendiendo-parkinson/que-es-parkinson/etapas [29/06/2023].
14.    Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Duchenne muscular dystrophy and related dystrophinopathies: Developing drugs for treatment guidance for industry. 
https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/duchenne-muscular-dystrophy-and-related-dystrophinopathies-developing-drugs-treatment-guidance (2018).
15.    Libberecht, K., Vangansewinkel, T., Van Den Bosch, L., Lambrichts, I. & Wolfs, E. Proteostasis plays an important role in demyelinating Charcot Marie Tooth disease. Biochemical Pharmacology 216, 115760 (2023) 
www.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115760.
16.    Pisciotta, C. & Shy, M. E. Chapter 25 - Hereditary neuropathy. Handbook of Clinical Neurology (ed. Younger, D. S.) vol. 195 609–617 (Elsevier, 2023).
17.    Lasa-Elgarresta, J., Mosqueira-Martín, L., Naldaiz-Gastesi, N., Sáenz, A., López de Munain, A. & Vallejo-Illarramendi, A. Calcium mechanisms in limb-girdle muscular dystrophy with CAPN3 mutations. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, 4548 (2019) 
www.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20184548.
18.    Flores-Bellver, M. et al. Extracellular vesicles released by human retinal pigment epithelium mediate increased polarised secretion of drusen proteins in response to AMD stressors. Journal of Extracellular Vesicles 10, e12165 (2021) 
www.doi.org/10.1002/jev2.12165.
19.    Degeneración Macular Asociada a la Edad (DMAE). Barcelona Macula Foundation: Research for Vision 
https://barcelonamaculafound.org/es/patologias/dmae-degeneracion-macular-asociada-la-edad/ [13/09/2023].
20.    Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Protocolo de vigilancia de las encefalopatías espongiformes transmisibles humanas. (2022).
21.    Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación. Resultados de la vigilancia de las encefalopatías espongiformes transmisibles en España. (2022).
22.    Alzheimer’s Association. 2023 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. The patient journey in an era of new treatments. Alzheimer’s & Dementia 19, 1598–1695 (2023) 
www.doi.org/10.1002/alz.13016.
23.    Ward, A., Tardiff, S., Dye, C. & Arrighi, H. M. Rate of conversion from prodromal Alzheimer’s disease to Alzheimer’s dementia: a systematic review of the literature. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra 3, 320–332 (2013) 
www.doi.org/10.1159/000354370.
24.    Ministerio de Sanidad. Abordaje del Parkinson y parkinsonismos. Estrategia en enfermedades neurodegenerativas del Sistema Nacional de Salud. (2022).
25.    García-Ramos, R., López Valdés, E., Ballesteros, L., Jesús, S. & Mir, P. The social impact of Parkinson’s disease in Spain: Report by the Spanish Foundation for the Brain. Neurologia (Barcelona, Spain) 31, 401–413 (2016) 
www.doi.org/10.1016/j.nrl.2013.04.008.
26.    Sociedad Española de Neurología. 11 de abril: día mundial del párkinson. Nota de Prensa. (2023).
27.    Base de datos clínicos de Atención Primaria (BDCAP) del Ministerio de Sanidad. (2023).
28.    Poewe, W. et al. Parkinson disease. Nature Reviews Disease Primers 3, 1–21 (2017) 
www.doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2017.13.
29.    Dorsey, R., Sherer, T., S. Okun, M. & R. Bloem, B. Ending Parkinson’s disease: a prescription for action. (PublicAffairs, 2020). ISBN: 978-1-5417-2452-5.
30.    Twist of fate: What happens when a top Parkinson’s researcher gets the disease? 
https://www.science.org/content/article/twist-fate-what-happens-when-top-parkinson-s-researcher-gets-disease [05/07/2023].
31.    Obeso, J. A., Monje, M. H. G. & Matarazzo, M. Major advances in Parkinson’s disease over the past two decades and future research directions. The Lancet Neurology 21, 1076–1079 (2022) 
www.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(22)00448-3.
32.    Etapas del Parkinson | Parkinson’s Foundation. 
https://www.parkinson.org/espanol/entendiendo-parkinson/que-es-parkinson/etapas [29/06/2023].
33.    Feldman, E. L., Goutman, S. A., Petri, S., Mazzini, L., Savelieff, M. G., Shaw, P. J. & Sobue, G. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The Lancet 400, 1363–1380 (2022)
www.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01272-7.
34.    Castro-Rodríguez, E., Azagra, R., Gómez-Batiste, X. & Povedano, M. La esclerosis lateral amiotrófica (ELA) desde la Atención Primaria. Epidemiología y características clínico-asistenciales. Atención Primaria 53, (2021)
www.doi.org/10.1016/j.aprim.2021.102158.
35.    Sociedad Española de Neurología. Nota de prensa. Unas 4.000-4500 personas padecen actualmente ELA en España. (2023).
36.    Traxinger, K., Kelly, C., Johnson, B. A., Lyles, R. H. & Glass, J. D. Prognosis and epidemiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology: Clinical Practice 3, 313–320 (2013)
www.doi.org/10.1212/CPJ.0b013e3182a1b8ab.
37.    La Enfermedad. Asociación Española de Esclerosis Lateral Amiotrófica. adELA
www.doi.org//adelaweb.org/la-ela/la-enfermedad/ [04/07/2023].
38.    FYI: ALS, Cognitive Impairment & Dementia. The ALS Association
https://www.als.org/navigating-als/resources/fyi-als-cognitive-impairment-dementia [10/07/2023].
39.    Chio, A., Logroscino, G., Hardiman, O., Swingler, R., Mitchell, D., Beghi, E. & Traynor, B. G. Prognostic factors in ALS: A critical review. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: official publication of the World Federation of Neurology Research Group on Motor Neuron Diseases 10, 310–323 (2009)
www.doi.org/10.3109/17482960802566824.
40.    Bates, G. P. et al. Huntington disease. Nature Reviews Disease Primers 1, 1–21 (2015)
www.doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2015.5.
41.    Fisher, E. R. & Hayden, M. R. Multisource ascertainment of Huntington disease in Canada: Prevalence and population at risk. Movement Disorders 29, 105–114 (2014)
www.doi.org/10.1002/mds.25717.
42.    Evans, S. J., Douglas, I., Rawlins, M. D., Wexler, N. S., Tabrizi, S. J. & Smeeth, L. Prevalence of adult Huntington’s disease in the UK based on diagnoses recorded in general practice records. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 84, 1156–1160 (2013)
www.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2012-304636.
43.    Raffelsbauer, D. Enfermedad de Huntington. Preguntas y respuestas para los que desean saber más. European Huntington’s disease network. (2009).
44.    Enfermedad de Parkinson, Huntington y otros trastornos motores degenerativos | CIBERNED.
https:////www.ciberned.es/programas-de-investigacion/enfermedad-de-parkinson-huntington-y-otros-trastornos-motores-degenerativos [17/08/2023].
45.    What is Huntington’s disease? Huntington’s Disease Association
https:////www.hda.org.uk/information-and-support/huntingtons-disease/what-is-huntingtons-disease/ [04/07/2023].
46.    Tabrizi, S. J., Flower, M. D., Ross, C. A. & Wild, E. J. Huntington disease: new insights into molecular pathogenesis and therapeutic opportunities. Nature Reviews Neurology 16, 529–546 (2020)
www.doi.org/10.1038/s41582-020-0389-4.
47.    Huntington’s disease symptoms. Huntington’s Disease Association
https://www.hda.org.uk/information-and-support/huntingtons-disease/huntingtons-disease-symptoms/ [04/07/2023].
48.    Brownlee, W. J., Hardy, T. A., Fazekas, F. & Miller, D. H. Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: progress and challenges. The Lancet 389, 1336–1346 (2017)
www.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30959-X.
49.    King, R. Atlas de la esclerosis múltiple. Federación Internacional de Esclerosis Múltiple.
https://www.msif.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Atlas-Epidemiology-report-Sept-2020-Final-ES.pdf (2020).
50.    Síntomas de la Esclerosis Múltiple en los diferentes tipos | FEM. Fundación Esclerosis Múltiple
https://www.fem.es/es/esclerosis-multiple/sintomas-de-la-esclerosis-multiple/ [04/07/2023].
51.    Saft, C. Huntington’s disease: disappointments and new beginnings. The Lancet Neurology 21, 582–584 (2022)
www.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(22)00189-2.
52.    Latif, S. et al. Dopamine in Parkinson’s disease. Clinica Chimica Acta 522, 114–126 (2021)
www.doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2021.08.009.
53.    Drew, L. An age-old story of dementia. Nature 559, S2–S3 (2018)
www.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-05718-5.
54.    Makin, S. The amyloid hypothesis on trial. Nature 559, S4–S7 (2018)
www.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-05719-4.
55.    NIHAging. What happens to the brain in Alzheimer’s disease? National Institute on Aging
https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-happens-brain-alzheimers-disease [06/07/2023].
56.    Zufiría, M. et al. ALS: A bucket of genes, environment, metabolism and unknown ingredients. Progress in Neurobiology 142, 104–129 (2016)
www.doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.05.004.
57.    Lubetzki, C. & Stankoff, B. Demyelination in multiple sclerosis. Handbook of Clinical Neurology 122, 89–99 (2014)
www.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-52001-2.00004-2.
58.    Esclerosis múltiple España. Qué es la esclerosis múltiple.
https://esclerosismultiple.com/esclerosis-multiple/que-es-la-esclerosis-multiple/ [07/07/2023].
59.    Oficina de Ciencia y Tecnología del Congreso de los Diputados (Oficina C). Informe C: Envejecimiento y bienestar. (2023)
www.doi.org/10.57952/q3ze-2c39.
60.    Hou, Y., Dan, X., Babbar, M., Wei, Y., Hasselbalch, S. G., Croteau, D. L. & Bohr, V. A. Ageing as a risk factor for neurodegenerative disease. Nature Reviews Neurology 15, 565–581 (2019)
www.doi.org/10.1038/s41582-019-0244-7.
61.    Avila, J. Brain aging, epigenetic changes, tau and neurodegeneration. Aging Brain 1, 100004 (2021)
www.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbas.2020.100004.
62.    Gan, L., Cookson, M. R., Petrucelli, L. & La Spada, A. R. Converging pathways in neurodegeneration, from genetics to mechanisms. Nature Neuroscience 21, 1300–1309 (2018)
www.doi.org/10.1038/s41593-018-0237-7.
63.    Centros de referencia estatal (CRE). Instituto de Mayores y Servicios Sociales
https://imserso.es/centros/centros-referencia-estatal-cre [17/10/2023].
64.    Balusu, S. et al. MEG3 activates necroptosis in human neuron xenografts modeling Alzheimer’s disease. Science 381, 1176–1182 (2023)
www.doi.org/10.1126/science.abp9556.
65.    Area-Gomez, E. & Schon, E. A. On the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease: The MAM hypothesis. The FASEB Journal 31, 864–867 (2017)
www.doi.org/10.1096/fj.201601309.
66.    Blesa, J., Foffani, G., Dehay, B., Bezard, E. & Obeso, J. A. Motor and non-motor circuit disturbances in early Parkinson disease: which happens first? Nature Reviews Neuroscience 23, 115–128 (2022)
www.doi.org/10.1038/s41583-021-00542-9.
67.    Berer, K. et al. Gut microbiota from multiple sclerosis patients enables spontaneous autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 114, 10719–10724 (2017)
www.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1711233114.
68.    Jangi, S. et al. Alterations of the human gut microbiome in multiple sclerosis. Nature Communications 7, 12015 (2016)
www.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12015.
69.    Yokote, H., Miyake, S., Croxford, J. L., Oki, S., Mizusawa, H. & Yamamura, T. NKT cell-dependent amelioration of a mouse model of multiple sclerosis by altering gut flora. The American Journal of Pathology 173, 1714–1723 (2008)
www.doi.org/10.2353/ajpath.2008.080622.
70.    Cantoni, C. et al. Alterations of host-gut microbiome interactions in multiple sclerosis. eBioMedicine 76, (2022)
www.doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103798.
71.    Kiani, L. Early microbiome changes in neurodegenerative disease. Nature Reviews Neurology 19, 458–458 (2023)
www.doi.org/10.1038/s41582-023-00848-5.
72.    Ferreiro, A. L. et al. Gut microbiome composition may be an indicator of preclinical Alzheimer’s disease. Science Translational Medicine 15, eabo2984 (2023)
www.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.abo2984.
73.    Palacios, N., Wilkinson, J., Bjornevik, K., Schwarzschild, M. A., McIver, L., Ascherio, A. & Huttenhower, C. Metagenomics of the gut microbiome in Parkinson’s disease: Prodromal changes. Annals of Neurology 94, 486–501 (2023)
www.doi.org/10.1002/ana.26719.
74.    Tabrizi, S. J. et al. Potential disease-modifying therapies for Huntington’s disease: lessons learned and future opportunities. The Lancet Neurology 21, 645–658 (2022)
www.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(22)00121-1.
75.    García-Redondo, A. et al. Analysis of the C9orf72 gene in patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in Spain and different populations worldwide. Human Mutation 34, 79–82 (2013)
www.doi.org/10.1002/humu.22211.
76.    Vázquez-Costa, J. F. et al. Characterizing SOD1 mutations in Spain: The impact of genotype, age and sex in the natural history of the disease. European Journal of Neurology 30, 861–871 (2023)
www.doi.org/10.1111/ene.15661.
77.    Pikatza-Menoio, O. et al. The skeletal muscle emerges as a new disease target in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Journal of Personalized Medicine 11, 671 (2021)
www.doi.org/10.3390/jpm11070671.
78.    Bellenguez, C. et al. New insights into the genetic etiology of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias. Nature Genetics 54, 412–436 (2022)
www.doi.org/10.1038/s41588-022-01024-z.
79.    Corder, E. H. et al. Gene dose of apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer’s disease in late onset families. Science 261, 921–923 (1993)
www.doi.org/10.1126/science.8346443.
80.    Belloy, M. E., Napolioni, V. & Greicius, M. D. A quarter century of APOE and Alzheimer’s Disease: progress to date and the path forward. Neuron 101, 820–838 (2019)
www.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2019.01.056.
81.    Sepulveda-Falla, D., Glatzel, M. & Lopera, F. Phenotypic profile of early-onset familial Alzheimer’s disease caused by presenilin-1 E280A mutation. Journal of Alzheimer’s disease: JAD 32, 1–12 (2012)
www.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2012-120907.
82.    Vélez, J. I. et al. APOE*E2 allele delays age of onset in PSEN1 E280A Alzheimer’s disease. Molecular Psychiatry 21, 916–924 (2016)
www.doi.org/10.1038/mp.2015.177.
83.    Sepulveda-Falla, D. et al. A multifactorial model of pathology for age of onset heterogeneity in familial Alzheimer’s disease. Acta Neuropathologica 141, 217–233 (2021)
www.doi.org/10.1007/s00401-020-02249-0.
84.    Lopera, F. et al. Resilience to autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease in a Reelin-COLBOS heterozygous man. Nature Medicine 29, 1243–1252 (2023)
www.doi.org/10.1038/s41591-023-02318-3.
85.    Kriebs, A. Genetic protection from early-onset familial Alzheimer’s disease. Nature Aging 3, 635–635 (2023)
www.doi.org/10.1038/s43587-023-00445-7.
86.    Nalls, M. A. et al. Identification of novel risk loci, causal insights, and heritable risk for Parkinson’s disease: a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies. The Lancet Neurology 18, 1091–1102 (2019)
www.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30320-5.
87.    Polymeropoulos, M. H. et al. Mutation in the α-Synuclein gene identified in families with Parkinson’s disease. Science 276, 2045–2047 (1997)
www.doi.org/10.1126/science.276.5321.2045.
88.    Kitada, T. et al. Mutations in the parkin gene cause autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism. Nature 392, 605–608 (1998)
www.doi.org/10.1038/33416.
89.    Zimprich, A. et al. Mutations in LRRK2 cause autosomal-dominant Parkinsonism with pleomorphic pathology. Neuron 44, 601–607 (2004)
www.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2004.11.005.
90.    Gorostidi, A., Ruiz-Martínez, J., Lopez de Munain, A., Alzualde, A. & Martí Massó, J. F. LRRK2 G2019S and R1441G mutations associated with Parkinson’s disease are common in the Basque Country, but relative prevalence is determined by ethnicity. neurogenetics 10, 157–159 (2009)
www.doi.org/10.1007/s10048-008-0162-0.
91.    Kuhlmann, T. et al. Multiple sclerosis progression: time for a new mechanism-driven framework. The Lancet Neurology 22, 78–88 (2023)
www.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(22)00289-7.
92.    Goris, A., Vandebergh, M., McCauley, J. L., Saarela, J. & Cotsapas, C. Genetics of multiple sclerosis: lessons from polygenicity. The Lancet Neurology 21, 830–842 (2022)
www.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(22)00255-1.
93.    Harroud, A. et al. Locus for severity implicates CNS resilience in progression of multiple sclerosis. Nature 1–9 (2023)
www.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06250-x.
94.    Gordon, B. A. et al. Spatial patterns of neuroimaging biomarker change in individuals from families with autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease: a longitudinal study. The Lancet Neurology 17, 241–250 (2018)
www.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30028-0.
95.    Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission - The Lancet.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30367-6/fulltext [12/06/2023].
96.    Oficina de Ciencia y Tecnología del Congreso de los Diputados (Oficina C). Calidad del aire. (2023)
www.doi.org/10.57952/h3ye-1663.
97.    Montero-Odasso, M., Ismail, Z. & Livingston, G. One third of dementia cases can be prevented within the next 25 years by tackling risk factors. The case “for” and “against”. Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy 12, 81 (2020)
www.doi.org/10.1186/s13195-020-00646-x.
98.    Ngandu, T. et al. A 2 year multidomain intervention of diet, exercise, cognitive training, and vascular risk monitoring versus control to prevent cognitive decline in at-risk elderly people (FINGER): a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet 385, 2255–2263 (2015)
www.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60461-5.
99.    Prevention and risk reduction of dementia. World Wide FINGERS
www.doi.org//wwfingers.com/ [02/08/2023].
100.    Soto-Gordoa, M., Arrospide, A., Moreno-Izco, F., Martínez-Lage, P., Castilla, I. & Mar, J. Projecting burden of dementia in Spain, 2010–2050: Impact of modifying risk factors. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 48, 721–730 (2015)
www.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-150233.
101.    Betarbet, R., Sherer, T. B., MacKenzie, G., Garcia-Osuna, M., Panov, A. V. & Greenamyre, J. T. Chronic systemic pesticide exposure reproduces features of Parkinson’s disease. Nature Neuroscience 3, 1301–1306 (2000)
www.doi.org/10.1038/81834.
102.    Langston, J. W., Ballard, P., Tetrud, J. W. & Irwin, I. Chronic Parkinsonism in humans due to a product of meperidine-analog synthesis. Science (New York, N.Y.) 219, 979–980 (1983)
www.doi.org/10.1126/science.6823561.
103.    Domenighetti, C. et al. Mendelian Randomisation Study of Smoking, Alcohol, and Coffee Drinking in Relation to Parkinson’s Disease. Journal of Parkinson’s disease 12, 267 (2022)
www.doi.org/10.3233/JPD-212851.
104.    Gabbert, C. et al. Coffee, smoking and aspirin are associated with age at onset in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neurology 269, 4195–4203 (2022)
www.doi.org/10.1007/s00415-022-11041-x.
105.    Gabbert, C., König, I. R., Lüth, T., Kasten, M., Grünewald, A., Klein, C. & Trinh, J. Lifestyle factors and clinical severity of Parkinson’s disease. Scientific Reports 13, 9537 (2023)
www.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-31531-w.
106.    Shiraiwa, N., Tamaoka, A. & Ohkoshi, N. Clinical features of drug-induced Parkinsonism. Neurology International 10, 7877 (2018)
www.doi.org/10.4081/ni.2018.7877.
107. Camacho-Soto, A., Warden, M. N., Searles Nielsen, S., Salter, A., Brody, D. L., Prather, H. & Racette, B. A. Traumatic brain injury in the prodromal period of Parkinson’s disease: A large epidemiological study using medicare data. Annals of Neurology 82, 744–754 (2017)
www.doi.org/10.1002/ana.25074.
108.    Mackay, D. F., Russell, E. R., Stewart, K., MacLean, J. A., Pell, J. P. & Stewart, W. Neurodegenerative disease mortality in former professional soccer players. The New England journal of medicine 381, 1801–1808 (2019)
www.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1908483.
109.    Vasta, R., Chia, R., Traynor, B. J. & Chiò, A. Unraveling the complex interplay between genes, environment, and climate in ALS. eBioMedicine 75, (2022)
www.doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103795.
110.    Armon, C. Smoking is a cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. High low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels? Unsure. Annals of Neurology 85, 465–469 (2019)
www.doi.org/10.1002/ana.25468.
111.    Peters, S. et al. Effect modification of the association between total cigarette smoking and ALS risk by intensity, duration and time-since-quitting: Euro-MOTOR. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 91, 33–39 (2020)
www.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2019-320986.
112.    Wang, H. et al. Smoking and risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a pooled analysis of five prospective cohorts. Archives of Neurology 68, 207–213 (2011)
www.doi.org/10.1001/archneurol.2010.367.
113.    Julian, T. H. et al. Physical exercise is a risk factor for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Convergent evidence from Mendelian randomisation, transcriptomics and risk genotypes. eBioMedicine 68, (2021)
www.doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103397.
114.    Van Rij, M. C. et al. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) for Huntington’s disease: the experience of three European centres. European Journal of Human Genetics 20, 368–375 (2012)
www.doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2011.202.
115.    Blancato, J. K., Wolfe, E. & Sacks, P. C. Preimplantation genetics and other reproductive options in Huntington disease. Handbook of clinical neurology 144, 107–111 (2017)
www.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801893-4.00009-2.
116.    Bjornevik, K. et al. Longitudinal analysis reveals high prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus associated with multiple sclerosis. Science 375, 296–301 (2022)
www.doi.org/10.1126/science.abj8222.
117.    Robinson, W. H. & Steinman, L. Epstein-Barr virus and multiple sclerosis. Science 375, 264–265 (2022)
www.doi.org/10.1126/science.abm7930.
118.    ModernaTX, Inc. A Phase 1, randomized, observer-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study of an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) candidate vaccine, mRNA-1189, in 18- to 30-year-old healthy adults. NCT05164094 (2022).
119.    National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). Phase 1 study of the safety and immunogenicity of an Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) gp350- ferritin nanoparticle vaccine in healthy adults with or without EBV infection. NCT04645147 (2022).
120.    Soldan, S. S. & Lieberman, P. M. Epstein–Barr virus and multiple sclerosis. Nature Reviews Microbiology 21, 51–64 (2023)
www.doi.org/10.1038/s41579-022-00770-5.
121.    Cree, B. A. C., Oksenberg, J. R. & Hauser, S. L. Multiple sclerosis: two decades of progress. The Lancet Neurology 21, 211–214 (2022)
www.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(22)00040-0.
122.    World Alzheimer Report 2022: Life after diagnosis: Navigating treatment, care and support. (2022).
123.    International, A. D. & University, M. World Alzheimer Report 2021: Journey through the diagnosis of dementia. (2021).
124.    Bernstein Sideman, A. et al. Facilitators and barriers to dementia assessment and diagnosis: perspectives from dementia experts within a global health context. Frontiers in Neurology 13, 769360 (2022)
www.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2022.769360.
125.    Zunzunegui Pastor, M. V., del Ser, T., Rodríguez Laso, A., García Yébenes, M. J., Domingo, J. & Otero Puime, A. Demencia no detectada y utilización de los servicios sanitarios: implicaciones para la atención primaria. Atención Primaria 31, 581–586 (2003)
www.doi.org/10.1016/S0212-6567(03)79220-8.
126.    Sociedad Española de Neurología. Al menos un 30% de los casos de demencia en el mundo podrían ser prevenibles, sin embargo, menos de un 50% de la población española conoce cómo. 21 de septiembre: día mundial de la enfermedad de Alzhéimer. Nota de prensa. (2022).
127.    Poll finds a quarter of people with Parkinson’s are wrongly diagnosed. Parkinson’s UK 
https://www.parkinsons.org.uk/news/poll-finds-quarter-people-parkinsons-are-wrongly-diagnosed [04/08/2023].
128.    van der Flier, W. M., de Vugt, M. E., Smets, E. M. A., Blom, M. & Teunissen, C. E. Towards a future where Alzheimer’s disease pathology is stopped before the onset of dementia. Nature Aging 3, 494–505 (2023) 
www.doi.org/10.1038/s43587-023-00404-2.
129.    Canevelli, M. et al. Spontaneous reversion of mild cognitive impairment to normal cognition: A systematic review of literature and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 17, 943–948 (2016) 
www.doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2016.06.020.
130.    Milà-Alomà, M. et al. Plasma p-tau231 and p-tau217 as state markers of amyloid-β pathology in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease. Nature Medicine 28, 1797–1801 (2022) www.doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-01925-w.
131.    Chapman, R. M. et al. Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease using neuropsychological testing improved by multivariate analyses. Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology 32, 793–808 (2010) 
www.doi.org/10.1080/13803390903540315.
132.    Wegierek, A. M. J., Lesniak, K., Patel, S. & Bogdanovskaya, Y. A collaborative approach to treatment of Alzheimer’s disease from a psychological perspective. Alzheimer’s Disease (ed. Wisniewski, T.) (Codon Publications, 2019). ISBN: 978-0-646-80968-7.
133.    National Institute of Aging. Biomarkers for dementia detection and research fact sheet. NIH Publication No. 18-AG-8044. (2020).
134.    Alzheimer’s Society. Having a lumbar puncture. 
https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/research/take-part-research/lumbar-puncture [03/08/2023].
135.    Avila, J. & Perry, G. A multilevel view of the development of Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroscience 457, 283–293 (2021) 
www.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.11.015.
136.    Martínez-Lage, P., Martín-Carrasco, M., Arrieta, E., Rodrigo, J. & Formiga, F. Mapa de la enfermedad de Alzheimer y otras demencias en España. Proyecto MapEA. Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología 53, 26–37 (2018) 
www.doi.org/10.1016/j.regg.2017.07.006.
137.    Jönsson, L. et al. The affordability of lecanemab, an amyloid-targeting therapy for Alzheimer’s disease: an EADC-EC viewpoint. The Lancet Regional Health – Europe 29, (2023) www.doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2023.100657.
138.    Pineda-Pardo, J. A., Sánchez-Ferro, Á., Monje, M. H. G., Pavese, N. & Obeso, J. A. Onset pattern of nigrostriatal denervation in early Parkinson’s disease. Brain 145, 1018–1028 (2022) 
www.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awab378.
139.    Llaneza González, M. Á., Meca Lallana, J., González Platas, M. & Oreja-Guevara, C. Manual de práctica clínica en esclerosis múltiple, NMO y MOGAD. Recomendaciones diagnóstico-terapéuticas de la SEN2023. (2023).
140.    Hegen, H. et al. Cerebrospinal fluid kappa free light chains for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: A consensus statement. Multiple Sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) 29, 182–195 (2023) 
www.doi.org//.
141.    Delaby, C., Hirtz, C. & Lehmann, S. Overview of the blood biomarkers in Alzheimer’s disease: Promises and challenges. Revue Neurologique 179, 161–172 (2023)
www.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurol.2022.09.003.
142.    Ashton, N. J. et al. Plasma p-tau231: a new biomarker for incipient Alzheimer’s disease pathology. Acta Neuropathologica 141, 709–724 (2021)
www.doi.org/10.1007/s00401-021-02275-6.
143.    Palmqvist, S. et al. Discriminative accuracy of plasma phospho-tau217 for Alzheimer disease vs other neurodegenerative disorders. JAMA 324, 1–11 (2020)
www.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.12134.
144.    Karikari, T. K. et al. Blood phosphorylated tau 181 as a biomarker for Alzheimer’s disease: a diagnostic performance and prediction modelling study using data from four prospective cohorts. The Lancet. Neurology 19, 422–433 (2020)
www.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30071-5.
145.    Siderowf, A. et al. Assessment of heterogeneity among participants in the Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative cohort using α-synuclein seed amplification: a cross-sectional study. The Lancet Neurology 22, 407–417 (2023)
www.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(23)00109-6.
146.    Liu, X. et al. Utility of serum neurofilament light chain and glial fibrillary acidic protein as diagnostic biomarkers of freezing of gait in Parkinson’s disease. Brain Research 1822, 148660 (2024)
www.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148660.
147.    Koníčková, D. et al. Cerebrospinal fluid and blood serum biomarkers in neurodegenerative proteinopathies: A prospective, open, cross-correlation study. Journal of Neurochemistry 167, 168–182 (2023)
www.doi.org/10.1111/jnc.15944.
148.    Oh, J. & Kim, J. A. Supportive care needs of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease and their caregivers: A scoping review. Journal of Clinical Nursing 26, 4129–4152 (2017)
www.doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13945.
149.    Grupo Parlamentario Ciudadanos. Proposición de Ley para garantizar el derecho a una vida digna de las personas con esclerosis lateral amiotrófica. (122/000180). XIV Legislatura.
https://www.congreso.es/es/busqueda-de-iniciativas?p_p_id=iniciativas&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&_iniciativas_mode=mostrarDetalle&_iniciativas_legislatura=XIV&_iniciativas_id=122/000180 .
150.    O’Shea, E., Keogh, F. & Heneghan, C. Post-diagnostic support for people with dementia and their carers.
www.doi.org//www.lenus.ie/handle/10147/623091 (2018).
151.    Martínez-Lage Álvarez, P. Actitudes, dudas y conocimientos de los colectivos implicados en la atención del paciente con Alzheimer: resultados de la encuesta del proyecto kNOW Alzheimer. Farmacéuticos Comunitarios 7, 13–23 (2016)
www.doi.org/10.5672/FC.2173-9218.(2016/Vol8).001.03.
152.    Simmons, H. Getting post diagnostic support (PDS) right for people with dementia. Alzheimer Scotland. (2011).
153.    Iruela, F. Mi realidad psicológica sobre  la enfermedad de Huntington. Una guía práctica. (2019).
154.    Gong, P., Fanos, J. H., Korty, L., Siskind, C. E. & Hanson-Kahn, A. K. Impact of Huntington disease gene-positive status on pre-symptomatic young adults and recommendations for genetic counselors. Journal of Genetic Counseling 25, 1188–1197 (2016)
www.doi.org/10.1007/s10897-016-9951-z.
155.    Glantz, M. J., Chamberlain, M. C., Liu, Q., Hsieh, C.-C., Edwards, K. R., Van Horn, A. & Recht, L. Gender disparity in the rate of partner abandonment in patients with serious medical illness. Cancer 115, 5237–5242 (2009)
www.doi.org/10.1002/cncr.24577.
156.    Vitturi, B. K. et al. Work barriers and job adjustments of people with multiple sclerosis: A systematic review. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation 33, 450–462 (2023)
www.doi.org/10.1007/s10926-022-10084-1.
157.    Oreja-Guevara, C., Kobelt, G., Berg, J., Capsa, D., Eriksson, J., & European Multiple Sclerosis Platform. New insights into the burden and costs of multiple sclerosis in Europe: Results for Spain. Multiple Sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) 23, 166–178 (2017)
www.doi.org/10.1177/1352458517708672.
158.    NICE Guideline. Parkinson’s disease in adults. What medicines might help? Information for the public.
www.doi.org//www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng71/ifp/chapter/What-medicines-might-help [09/08/2023].
159.    EMA. Levodopa/Carbidopa/Entacapone Orion. European Medicines Agency
https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/levodopa-carbidopa-entacapone-orion [09/08/2023].
160.    Verschuur, C. V. M. et al. Randomized delayed-start trial of levodopa in Parkinson’s disease. New England Journal of Medicine 380, 315–324 (2019)
www.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1809983.
161.    Castela, I. et al. Selective activation of striatal indirect pathway suppresses levodopa induced-dyskinesias. Neurobiology of Disease 176, 105930 (2023)
www.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105930.
162.    Olanow, C. W., Calabresi, P. & Obeso, J. A. Continuous dopaminergic stimulation as a treatment for Parkinson’s disease: current status and future opportunities. Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society 35, 1731–1744 (2020)
www.doi.org/10.1002/mds.28215.
163.    Oficina de Ciencia y Tecnología del Congreso de los Diputados (Oficina C). Informe C: Avances en neurociencia: aplicaciones e implicaciones éticas. (2023)
www.doi.org/10.57952/t6ry-4757.
164.    Gardner, J. A history of Deep Brain Stimulation: Technological innovation and the role of clinical assessment tools. Social Studies of Science 43, 707–728 (2013)
www.doi.org/10.1177/0306312713483678.
165.    Deuschl, G. et al. A randomized trial of Deep-Brain Stimulation for Parkinson’s disease. New England Journal of Medicine 355, 896–908 (2006)
www.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa060281.
166.    Bronstein, J. M. et al. Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson disease: An expert consensus and review of key issues. Archives of Neurology 68, 165 (2011)
www.doi.org/10.1001/archneurol.2010.260.
167.    Moosa, S., Martínez-Fernández, R., Elias, W. J., Del Alamo, M., Eisenberg, H. M. & Fishman, P. S. The role of high-intensity focused ultrasound as a symptomatic treatment for Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society 34, 1243–1251 (2019)
www.doi.org/10.1002/mds.27779.
168.    Arias-Pacheco, A., Polo-de-Santos, M. del M., Luengo-Matos, S., Hijas-Gómez, A. I., Rodríguez-Ortiz-de-Salazar, B. & Sánchez-Gómez, L. M. PP109 Efficacy and safety of high-intensity focused ultrasound In Parkinson’s disease. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 38, S75–S75 (2022)
www.doi.org/10.1017/S026646232200232X.
169.    Martínez Fernández, R. et al. Unilateral focused ultrasound subthalamotomy in early Parkinson’s disease: a pilot study. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry jnnp-2023-331211 (2023)
www.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2023-331211.
170.    Schneider, L. S., Dagerman, K. & Insel, P. S. Efficacy and adverse effects of atypical antipsychotics for dementia: Meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 14, 191–210 (2006)
www.doi.org/10.1097/01.JGP.0000200589.01396.6d.
171.    Ballard, C. & Waite, J. The effectiveness of atypical antipsychotics for the treatment of aggression and psychosis in Alzheimer’s disease. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews CD003476 (2006)
www.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003476.pub2.
172.    Ballard, C. et al. Quetiapine and Rivastigmine and cognitive decline In Alzheimer’s disease: randomised double blind placebo controlled trial. BMJ: British Medical Journal 330, 874–877 (2005).
173.    Grossberg, G. T. et al. Efficacy and safety of Brexpiprazole for the treatment of agitation in Alzheimer’s dementia: two 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 28, 383–400 (2020)
www.doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2019.09.009.
174.    Sociedad Española de Geriatría y Gerontología. Cuidado sin sujeciones. (2023).
175.    Commissioner, O. of the. FDA converts novel Alzheimer’s disease treatment to traditional approval. FDA
https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-converts-novel-alzheimers-disease-treatment-traditional-approval [03/08/2023].
176.    van Dyck, C. H. et al. Lecanemab in early Alzheimer’s disease. New England Journal of Medicine 388, 9–21 (2023)
www.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2212948.
177.    EISAI’s approach to U.S. pricing for LEQEMBITM (LECANEMAB), a treatment for early Alzheimer’s disease, sets of forth our concept of ‘societal value of medicine’ in relation to ‘price of medicine’. Eisai Newsroom
www.doi.org//media-us.eisai.com/2023-01-06-EISAIS-APPROACH-TO-U-S-PRICING-FOR-LEQEMBI-TM-LECANEMAB-,-A-TREATMENT-FOR-EARLY-ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE,-SETS-FORTH-OUR-CONCEPT-OF-SOCIETAL-VALUE-OF-MEDICINE-IN-RELATION-TO-PRICE-OF-MEDICINE [09/08/2023].
178.    Lancet, T. Lecanemab for Alzheimer’s disease: tempering hype and hope. The Lancet 400, 1899 (2022)
www.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(22)02480-1.
179.    179.    Wittenberg, R. et al. The costs of dementia in England. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 34, 1095–1103 (2019) 
www.doi.org/10.1002/gps.5113.
180.    Pittock, R. R. et al. Eligibility for anti-amyloid treatment in a population-based study of cognitive aging. Neurology 101, e1837–e1849 (2023) 
www.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000207770.
181.    Sims, J. R. et al. Donanemab in early symptomatic Alzheimer disease: The TRAILBLAZER-ALZ 2 randomized clinical trial. JAMA 330, 512–527 (2023)
www.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2023.13239.
182.    Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/Riluzole Study Group II, Lacomblez, L., Bensimon, G., Meininger, V., Leigh, P. N. & Guillet, P. Dose-ranging study of riluzole in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The Lancet 347, 1425–1431 (1996)
www.doi.org/10.5555/uri:pii:S0140673696916803.
183.    Fang, T., Khleifat, A. A., Meurgey, J.-H., Jones, A., Leigh, P. N., Bensimon, G. & Al-Chalabi, A. Stage at which riluzole treatment prolongs survival in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a retrospective analysis of data from a dose-ranging study. The Lancet Neurology 17, 416–422 (2018)
www.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30054-1.
184.    Wadman, M. ‘I feel so much hope’—Is a new drug keeping this woman’s deadly Huntington disease at bay? Science AAAS - News Feature (2018).
185.    GlobalData Healthcare. Roche to reassess Huntington’s asset, reviving potential for younger patients. Clinical Trials Arena
www.doi.org//www.clinicaltrialsarena.com/comment/roche-tominersen-huntingtons-asset/ [11/08/2023].
186.    Coppen, E. M. & Roos, R. A. C. Current pharmacological approaches to reduce chorea in Huntington’s disease. Drugs 77, 29–46 (2017)
www.doi.org/10.1007/s40265-016-0670-4.
187.    Stimming, E. F. et al. Safety and efficacy of valbenazine for the treatment of chorea associated with Huntington’s disease (KINECT-HD): a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet Neurology 22, 494–504 (2023)
www.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(23)00127-8.
188.    Thompson, A. J., Baranzini, S. E., Geurts, J., Hemmer, B. & Ciccarelli, O. Multiple sclerosis. The Lancet 391, 1622–1636 (2018)
www.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30481-1.
189.    Cencioni, M. T., Mattoscio, M., Magliozzi, R., Bar-Or, A. & Muraro, P. A. B cells in multiple sclerosis — from targeted depletion to immune reconstitution therapies. Nature Reviews Neurology 17, 399–414 (2021)
www.doi.org/10.1038/s41582-021-00498-5.
190.    Krämer, J., Bar-Or, A., Turner, T. J. & Wiendl, H. Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors for multiple sclerosis. Nature Reviews Neurology 19, 289–304 (2023)
www.doi.org/10.1038/s41582-023-00800-7.
191.    Cummings, J. L., Morstorf, T. & Zhong, K. Alzheimer’s disease drug-development pipeline: few candidates, frequent failures. Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy 6, 37 (2014)
www.doi.org/10.1186/alzrt269.
192.    Holm, I. E., Alstrup, A. K. O. & Luo, Y. Genetically modified pig models for neurodegenerative disorders. The Journal of Pathology 238, 267–287 (2016)
www.doi.org/10.1002/path.4654.
193.    Blesa, J., Trigo-Damas, I., Del Rey, N. L.-G. & Obeso, J. A. The use of nonhuman primate models to understand processes in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna, Austria: 1996) 125, 325–335 (2018)
www.doi.org/10.1007/s00702-017-1715-x.
194.    Monreal, E. et al. Association of serum neurofilament light chain levels at disease onset with disability worsening in patients with a first demyelinating multiple sclerosis event not treated with high-efficacy drugs. JAMA Neurology 80, 397–403 (2023)
www.doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2023.0010.
195.    Kiernan, M. C. et al. Improving clinical trial outcomes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nature Reviews Neurology 17, 104–118 (2021)
www.doi.org/10.1038/s41582-020-00434-z.
196.    HEALEY ALS Platform Trial. Massachusetts General Hospital
www.doi.org//www.massgeneral.org/neurology/als/research/platform-trial [26/09/2023].
197.    Hang, Z., Zhou, L., Xing, C., Wen, Y. & Du, H. The blood-brain barrier, a key bridge to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Research Reviews 91, 102070 (2023)
www.doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2023.102070.
198.    Blesa, J. et al. BBB opening with focused ultrasound in nonhuman primates and Parkinson’s disease patients: Targeted AAV vector delivery and PET imaging. Science Advances 9, eadf4888 (2023)
www.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adf4888.
199.    Ministerio de Sanidad. Abordaje del Alzheimer y otras demencias. Estrategia en enfermedades neurodegenerativas del Sistema Nacional de Salud.
https://www.sanidad.gob.es/organizacion/sns/planCalidadSNS/pdf/Abordaje_del_Alzheimer_y_otras_demencias_Accesible.pdf (2022).
200.    Groot, C. et al. The effect of physical activity on cognitive function in patients with dementia: A meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Ageing Research Reviews 25, 13–23 (2016)
www.doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2015.11.005.
201.    Jia, R., Liang, J., Xu, Y. & Wang, Y. Effects of physical activity and exercise on the cognitive function of patients with Alzheimer disease: a meta-analysis. BMC Geriatrics 19, 181 (2019)
www.doi.org/10.1186/s12877-019-1175-2.
202.    Schenkman, M. et al. Effect of high-intensity treadmill exercise on motor symptoms in patients with de novo Parkinson disease. JAMA Neurology 75, 219–226 (2018)
www.doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.3517.
203.    Quinn, L. et al. Physical activity and exercise outcomes in Huntington’s disease (PACE-HD): results of a 12-month trial-within-cohort feasibility study of a physical activity intervention in people with Huntington’s disease. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 101, 75–89 (2022)
www.doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2022.06.013.
204.    Proschinger, S., Kuhwand, P., Rademacher, A., Walzik, D., Warnke, C., Zimmer, P. & Joisten, N. Fitness, physical activity, and exercise in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review on current evidence for interactions with disease activity and progression. Journal of Neurology 269, 2922–2940 (2022)
www.doi.org/10.1007/s00415-021-10935-6.
205.    Ministerio de Sanidad, Consumo y Bienestar Social. Abordaje de la Esclerosis Lateral Amiotrófica. Estrategia en enfermedades neurodegenerativas del Sistema Nacional de Salud.
https://www.sanidad.gob.es/organizacion/sns/planCalidadSNS/pdf/Abordaje_de_la_Esclerosis_Lateral_Amiotrofica_2017.pdf (2018).
206.    Zaunbrecher, N. Non-drug treatments for Huntington’s disease. Huntington’s Disease News
https://huntingtonsdiseasenews.com/non-drug-treatments-for-huntingtons-disease/ [14/08/2023].
207.    Mar, J., Gorostiza, A., Ibarrondo, O., Larrañaga, I., Arrospide, A., Martinez-Lage, P. & Soto-Gordoa, M. Economic evaluation of supplementing the diet with Souvenaid in patients with prodromal Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy 12, 166 (2020)
www.doi.org/10.1186/s13195-020-00737-9.
208.    AETSA. Efectividad del entrenamiento cognitivo en pacientes con demencia leve a moderada. Informes de evaluación de tecnologías sanitarias. (2020).
209.    Bahar-Fuchs, A., Martyr, A., Goh, A. M., Sabates, J. & Clare, L. Cognitive training for people with mild to moderate dementia. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2019, CD013069 (2019)
www.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013069.pub2.
210.    Cafferata, R. M. T., Hicks, B. & von Bastian, C. C. Effectiveness of cognitive stimulation for dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 147, 455–476 (2021)
www.doi.org/10.1037/bul0000325.
211.    Spector, A., Thorgrimsen, L., Woods, B., Royan, L., Davies, S., Butterworth, M. & Orrell, M. Efficacy of an evidence-based cognitive stimulation therapy programme for people with dementia: Randomised controlled trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry 183, 248–254 (2003)
www.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.183.3.248.
212.    McDermott, O. et al. Psychosocial interventions for people with dementia: a synthesis of systematic reviews. Aging & Mental Health 23, 393–403 (2019)
www.doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2017.1423031.
213.    Lobbia, A., Carbone, E., Faggian, S., Gardini, S., Piras, F., Spector, A. & Borella, E. The efficacy of Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST) for people with mild-to-moderate dementia. European Psychologist 24, 257–277 (2019)
www.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000342.
214.    Justo-Henriques, S. I., Pérez-Sáez, E., Carvalho, J. O., Cavallo, M. & Sargaço, P. Home-based individualized Cognitive Stimulation (iCS) Therapy in Portuguese psychiatric patients: A randomized controlled trial. Brain Sciences 12, 1655 (2022)
www.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12121655.
215.    Gibbor, L., Yates, L., Volkmer, A. & Spector, A. Cognitive stimulation therapy (CST) for dementia: a systematic review of qualitative research. Aging & Mental Health 25, 980–990 (2021)
www.doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2020.1746741.
216.    Knapp, M. et al. What are the current and projected future cost and health-related quality of life implications of scaling up cognitive stimulation therapy? International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 37, (2022)
www.doi.org/10.1002/gps.5633.
217.    Pérez-Sáez, E., Cabrero-Montes, E. M., Llorente-Cano, M. & González-Ingelmo, E. A pilot study on the impact of a pottery workshop on the well-being of people with dementia. Dementia 19, 2056–2072 (2020)
www.doi.org/10.1177/1471301218814634.
218.    Cernuda Lago, A., de Andrés Terán, A. L., Cernuda Lago, A. & de Andrés Terán, A. L. Beneficios del psicoballet cubano en el tratamiento de enfermos de Alzheimer. Validación psicométrica. Revista Información Científica 98, 171–183 (2019).
219.    García-Valverde, E., Badia, M., Orgaz, M. B. & Gónzalez-Ingelmo, E. The influence of songwriting on quality of life of family caregivers of people with dementia: An exploratory study. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy 29, 4–19 (2020)
www.doi.org/10.1080/08098131.2019.1630666.
220.    de Medeiros, K. & Basting, A. “Shall I compare thee to a dose of Donepezil?”: Cultural arts interventions in dementia care research. The Gerontologist 54, 344–353 (2014)
www.doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnt055.
221.    Windle, G., Gregory, S., Howson-Griffiths, T., Newman, A., O’Brien, D. & Goulding, A. Exploring the theoretical foundations of visual art programmes for people living  with dementia. Dementia 17, 702–727 (2018)
www.doi.org/10.1177/1471301217726613.
222.    Cousins, E., Tischler, V., Garabedian, C. & Dening, T. A taxonomy of arts interventions for people with dementia. The Gerontologist 60, 124–134 (2020)
www.doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnz024.
223.    Robillard, J. M. The online environment: A key variable in the ethical response to complementary and alternative medicine for Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 51, 11–13 (2016)
www.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-150641.
224.    Office of Regulatory Affairs. Health fraud scams. FDA
https:// www.fda.gov/consumers/health-fraud-scams [16/08/2023].
225.    Oficina de Ciencia y Tecnología del Congreso de los Diputados. Informe C: La desinformación en la era digital. (2023)
www.doi.org/10.57952/j3p6-9086.
226.    Cuidados paliativos.
https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/palliative-care [16/08/2023].
227.    Kluger, B. M., Dolhun, R., Sumrall, M., Hall, K. & Okun, M. S. Palliative care and Parkinson’s disease: Time to move beyond cancer. Movement Disorders 36, 1325–1329 (2021)
www.doi.org/10.1002/mds.28556.
228.    Brizzi, K. Outpatient neuropalliative care. Handbook of Clinical Neurology 191, 29–48 (2023)
www.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-824535-4.00002-1.
229.    Muñoz Cobos, F., Espinosa Almendro, J. M., Portillo Strempell, J. & Benítez del Rosario, M. A. Cuidados paliativos: Atención a la familia. Atención Primaria 30, 576–580 (2002).
230.    Miller, S. C., Lima, J. C., Intrator, O., Martin, E., Bull, J. & Hanson, L. C. Specialty palliative care consultations for nursing home residents with dementia. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 54, 9-16.e5 (2017)
www.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2017.03.005.
231.    Miranda, R., Smets, T., De Schreye, R., Faes, K., Van Den Noortgate, N., Cohen, J. & Van den Block, L. Improved quality of care and reduced healthcare costs at the end-of-life among older people with dementia who received palliative home care: A nationwide propensity score-matched decedent cohort study. Palliative Medicine 35, 1701–1712 (2021)
www.doi.org/10.1177/02692163211019321.
232.    Mercadante, S. & Al-Husinat, L. Palliative care in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management S0885-3924(23)00574–2 (2023)
www.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2023.06.029.
233.    Ministerio de Sanidad. Registro Nacional de Instrucciones Previas.
www.doi.org//www.sanidad.gob.es/areas/profesionesSanitarias/rnip/home.htm [12/09/2023].
234.    Lum, H. D. & Kluger, B. M. Palliative care for Parkinson disease. Clinics in geriatric medicine 36, 149–157 (2020)
www.doi.org/10.1016/j.cger.2019.09.013.
235.    Boersema-Wijma, D. J., van Duijn, E., Heemskerk, A.-W., van der Steen, J. T. & Achterberg, W. P. Palliative care in advanced Huntington’s disease: a scoping review. BMC palliative care 22, 54 (2023)
www.doi.org/10.1186/s12904-023-01171-y.
236.    Arias-Casais, N. (Natalia) et al. EAPC Atlas of palliative care in Europe 2019. (2019).
237.    Álvarez Saúco, M. et al. Manejo de la atención paliativa de los pacientes con enfermedad de Parkinson y otros trastornos del movimiento en España. Encuesta Nacional a neurólogos. Neurología S0213485321002577 (2021)
www.doi.org/10.1016/j.nrl.2021.09.008.
238.    Ministerio de Sanidad. Jornada de cuidados paliativos del Sistema Nacional de Salud.
www.doi.org//www.sanidad.gob.es/profesionales/excelencia/jornada/cuidadosPaliativos.htm [13/09/2023].
239.    Casi 80.000 personas mueren cada año en España sin recibir cuidados paliativos – SID.
https://sid-inico.usal.es/noticias/casi-80-000-personas-mueren-cada-ano-en-espana-sin-recibir-cuidados-paliativos/ [12/09/2023].
240.    Ministerio de Sanidad, Política Social e Igualdad. Estrategia en cuidados paliativos del Sistema Nacional de Salud. Actualización 2010-2014. (2011).
241.    Confederación Española de Asociaciones de Familiares de personas con Alzheimer y otras demencias. Censo de las personas con alzhéimer y otras demencias en España. Resultados y conclusiones de las jornadas virtuales para el intercambio de soluciones y propuestas. (2021).
242.    Dawson, W. D. & Comas-Herrera, A. International dementia policies and legacies of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. The Public Policy and Aging Report 32, 72–76 (2022)
www.doi.org/10.1093/ppar/prac008.
243.    Ministerio de Sanidad. Relación de centros, servicios y unidades de referencia (CSUR) del Sistema Nacional de Salud designados para la atención o realización de las patologías o procedimientos que se indican. (2022).
244.    Hogden, A., Foley, G., Henderson, R., James, N. & Aoun, S. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: improving care with a multidisciplinary approach. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare Volume 10, 205–215 (2017)
www.doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S134992.
245.    Paipa, A. J. et al. Survival benefit of multidisciplinary care in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Spain: association with noninvasive mechanical ventilation. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare 12, 465–470 (2019)
www.doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S205313.
246.    Cordesse, V., Sidorok, F., Schimmel, P., Holstein, J. & Meininger, V. Coordinated care affects hospitalization and prognosis in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a cohort study. BMC Health Services Research 15, 134 (2015)
www.doi.org/10.1186/s12913-015-0810-7.
247.    Barber Pérez, P. & González López-Valcárcel, B. Informe oferta-necesidad de especialistas médicos 2021-2035. (2022).
248.    Aldridge, Z., Oliver, E., Gardener, H. & Dening, K. H. Admiral nursing—A model of specialist dementia care in acute hospitals. SAGE Open Nursing 6, 2377960820952677 (2020)
www.doi.org/10.1177/2377960820952677.
249.    Kingston, A., Comas-Herrera, A. & Jagger, C. Forecasting the care needs of the older population in England over the next 20 years: estimates from the Population Ageing and Care Simulation (PACSim) modelling study. The Lancet Public Health 3, e447–e455 (2018)
www.doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30118-X.
250.    Liu, K. Y. et al. Dementia wellbeing and COVID‐19: Review and expert consensus on current research and knowledge gaps. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 36, 1597–1639 (2021)
www.doi.org/10.1002/gps.5567.
251.    Jönsson, L., Tate, A., Frisell, O. & Wimo, A. The costs of dementia in Europe: An updated review and meta-analysis. Pharmacoeconomics 41, 59–75 (2023
www.doi.org/10.1007/s40273-022-01212-z.
252.    Gómez Maldonado, L., de Mora-Figueroa, R., López-Angarita, A., Maravilla-Herrera, P. & Merino, M. Cost of patients with Alzheimer’s disease in Spain according to disease severity. PharmacoEconomics - Open (2023) www.doi.org/10.1007/s41669-023-00451-w.
253.    Jutkowitz, E., Kane, R. L., Gaugler, J. E., MacLehose, R. F., Dowd, B. & Kuntz, K. M. Societal and family lifetime cost of dementia: Implications for policy. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 65, 2169–2175 (2017)
www.doi.org/10.1111/jgs.15043.
254.    Jönsson, L. The personal economic burden of dementia in Europe. The Lancet Regional Health - Europe 20, 100472 (2022)
www.doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2022.100472.
255.    Guillén, M. & Comas-Herrera, A. How much risk is mitigated by LTC protection schemes? A methodological note and a case study of the public system in Spain. The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance. Issues and Practice 37, 712–724 (2012).
256.    Oliva, J., Peña Longobardo, L. M. & Vilaplana-Prieto, C. Personas que reciben cuidado informal en casa según la Encuesta de Discapacidades del INE 2020 y 2008.
www.doi.org//www.ine.es/dyngs/INEbase/es/operacion.
257.    Vilaplana-Prieto, C. & Oliva-Moreno, J. Time value of informal care of people with Alzheimer’s disease in Spain: a population-based analysis. En evaluación en revista científica (2023).
258.    García-Mochón, L., Peña-Longobardo, L. M., del Río-Lozano, M., Oliva-Moreno, J., Larrañaga-Padilla, I. & García-Calvente, M. del M. Determinants of burden and satisfaction in informal caregivers: two wides of the same coin? The CUIDAR-SE study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, 4378 (2019) 
www.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224378.
259.    Peña-Longobardo, L. M. & Oliva-Moreno, J. Caregiver burden in Alzheimer’s disease patients in Spain. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 43, 1293–1302 (2015) 
www.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-141374.
260.    Peña-Longobardo, L. M., Río-Lozano, M. D., Oliva-Moreno, J., Larrañaga-Padilla, I. & García-Calvente, M. del M. Health, work, and social problems in Spanish informal caregivers: Does gender matter? (The CUIDAR-SE study). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, 7332 (2021) 
www.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147332.
261.    Parisé, H. et al. Direct and indirect cost burden associated with multiple sclerosis relapses: Excess costs of persons with MS and their spouse caregivers. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 330, 71–77 (2013) 
www.doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2013.04.007.
262.    Klietz, M. Caregiver burden in movement disorders and neurodegenerative diseases: Editorial. Brain Sciences 12, 1184 (2022) 
www.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12091184.
263.    Hung, L. et al. Creating dementia-friendly communities for social inclusion: A scoping review. Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine 7, 23337214211013596 (2021) 
www.doi.org/10.1177/23337214211013596.
264.    Evans, S. C., Atkinson, T., Rogerson, M. & Bray, J. Nature-based activities for people living with dementia: a nice day out or a matter of human rights? Working with Older People 26, 64–75 (2021) 
www.doi.org/10.1108/WWOP-08-2021-0040.
265.    Bould, E. Dementia-friendly garden centre. A practical guide to becoming dementia-friendly. Alzheimer’s Society. (2017).
266.    Ministerio de Derechos Sociales y Agenda 2030. Estrategia estatal de desinstitucionalización. 
https://estrategiadesinstitucionalizacion.gob.es/ [21/03/2023].
267.    Evans, S., Waller, S., Bray, J. & Atkinson, T. Making homes more dementia-friendly through the use of aids and adaptations. Healthcare 7, 43 (2019) 
www.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare7010043.
268.    Evans, S. C. et al. Can extra care housing support the changing needs of older people living with dementia? Dementia (London, England) 19, 1492–1508 (2020) 
www.doi.org/10.1177/1471301218801743.
269.    Díaz-Veiga, P. Unidades de convivencia para personas mayores en el marco del proceso de desinstitucionalización. (2022).
270.    Sancho Castiello, M. Viviendas y alojamientos para personas mayores. La experiencia internacional. Revista Internacional de los Estudios Vascos (2020).
271.    adEla, R. La Comunidad de Madrid pondrá en marcha el primer centro público residencial para enfermos de ELA. adELA 
https://adelaweb.org/la-comunidad-de-madrid-pondra-en-marcha-el-primer-centro-publico-residencial-para-enfermos-de-ela/ [08/09/2023].
272.    admin. Decisiones ante la Traqueotomía en la ELA: Sí o No. ELA ANDALUCÍA 
https://www.elaandalucia.es/decisiones-ante-la-traqueotomia-la-ela-no/ [15/09/2023].
273.    adEla, R. El Zendal albergará un Centro de Atención Diurna para pacientes con ELA. adELA 
https://adelaweb.org/el-zendal-albergara-un-centro-de-atencion-diurna-para-pacientes-con-ela/ [22/09/2023].